HW# 21

Congress of Berlin- The meeting of the Great European Powers. The meeting's aim was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans.
Partition of Africa- Occupation and annexation of Africa by European powers during the New Imperialism period, between the 1880s and the First World War in 1914.
Scramble for Africa- European rush to colonize parts of Africa at the end of the 19th century.

1) New Imperialism was about an industrialized economy and the scramble for natural resources benefited the countries that had the greater amount of territory with natural resources.
2) Europe colonized Africa for financial gain by exploiting the land for crops, minerals, and slaves. Later, Europeans believed they should help Africans become modernly civilized.
3) The Industrial Revolution is connected to Europe's colonization of Africa. Africa is rich with natural resources that is used as fuel for the Industrial Revolution. Europe's colonization of Africa was to control as much territory as possible that could be used to extract resources.

H.W.# 20

1)
laissez faire- The economic policy of letting owners of indusrty and business set working conditions without interference.
Adam Smith- A professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, that defended the idea of a free economy.
capitalism- An economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit.
utilitarianism- A philosophy that argued that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions of the basis of their usefuliness.
socialism- An economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
Karl Marx- A German journalist, who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism. communism- A complete for of socialism where all forms of production and property would be owned by the people and private property would cease to exist. All goods and services would be shared equally.
union- Volunteering associations which workers joined to press reforms.    
collective bargaining- Negotiations between workers and their employers for better working conditions and better pay.
strike- Refusal to work.

3) The main problems faced by the union during the 1800s were actually forming a union, being an unskilled worker because of collective barganing, and forming strikes. British government denied workers the right to form unions, they saw it as a threat to social order and stability. In 1824, Parliment repealed the Combination Acts because workers formed unions regardless the risk of getting laid off or in trouble. In 1875 British Trade union workers won the right to strike and picket peacefully. Several unions formed together a organization called the American Fedearation of Labor. The "AFL" won members higher wages and shorter hours. Reform Laws helped factory workers, child labor laws were put in to effect and abuse was ended, the amount of hours a person could work was shortened to a reasonable limit.

4) According to Marx and Engels, economic forces alone dominate society. In my opinion, economic forces are very important to society. Economic forces help employers find the right people for jobs. Economic forces are not the only factor which dominates society. Type of government and classes are also factors that dominate society. Democracy was needed during the Industrial Revolution to set laws of reform for the hard working workers. The classes of people were important during the Industrial Revolution. The middle class rose to be more powerful than nobles by using economic forces to their advantage.

HW# 19

#1)
Industrial Revolution- Greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th century.
Enclosure- Large fields with fences or hedges.
Crop Rotation- A developed improved way of farming.
Industrialization- The process of developing machine production of goods.
Factors of production- Resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required. Land, labor, and capital.
Factory- Mass production machines in a large building.
Entrepreneur- A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risk of a business.

HW# 18

1)
A. Camillo di Cavour- A wealthy middle-aged aristocrat, who worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont- Sardinia's power.
B. Giuseppe Garibaldi- A bold and romantic soldier who captured Sicily. He always wore a red coat.
C. Red Shirts- A small army of Italian Nationalists.
D. Otto von Bismarck- A conservative junker that opposed liberal ideas.
E. Realpolotik- Someone who deals with the politics of reality.
F. Kaiser- Another word for emperor.

3)
     Otto von Bismarck made a speech to the Prussian parliment when he was the prime minister. He said that he would settle things with "blood and iron". The term, "blood and iron" was ment to represent war. Bismarck was described as a man who was striving for military power. Bishmarck made an alliance with Austria to fight Denmark and won. Bishmarck's straight attack approach is different from the liberals approach. Liberals are more political, Bishmarck fights for what he wants.  

HW# 17

Pg 613
1) Under the category "culture", ethnicity and class could be added.
2) Territory and common beliefs are necessary to form a nation-state.

Pg 615
1) The greatest amount of territory that was unified in Italy was 1859- 1860, added to Sardinia.
2) Italians lost Venetia to Austria during their process of unification.

Pg 617
1) Prussia's territory during 1865 was shared between Austria after they fought together against Denmark.
2) After 1865, Prussia's biggest expansion was during 1871 when South German States joined.

H.W.# 16

1)
Peninsulares- Men who were at the top of the Spainish Amerian society, they were born in Spain. Only people to hold high office in Spanish colonial government.
Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America that were ranked after the peninsulares. They could rise as officers in Spanish Colonial armies.
Mulattos- Mixed of Europeans and African ancestry, they were ranked after the Mestizos.
Simon Bolivar- A wealthy Venezuelan creole, was called Liberator, he was a politican and assertive.
Jose de San Martin- He was a simple and modest man. San Martin was born in Argentina and believed in strict military dicipline but showed support for his troops.
Miguel Hidalgo- Hidalgo was a preist whom was poor but well- educated. He had a firm belief in the ideas of the Enlightenment, he tried to lead the Indian and Meztio followers to rebel against the upperclass but failed.
Jose Maria Morelos- Morelos lead the revolution Hidalgo started for four years before he was defeated by Agustin de Iturbide.

 2) "Through its policies, Spain gave up its right to rule in South America." I dont agree with this statement, ideas from the Enlightenment, French and American revolution encouraged the lower social class to rise. The lower social class outnumbered the higher classes which helped Spain give up their political power by war. Independence movements arose because Latin American countries wanted independence and natural rights in order to get rid of oppression. In the end Bolivar gained the majority of power that Spain lost.

H.W.# 15

Simon Bolivar
1. What did he accomplish? Simon Bolivar became president of Venezuela after invading it for independence from Spain. He became the president of The Republic of Colombia. He liberated most spanish countries in South America.
2. Why was he so famous? He became president of The Republic of Colombia which is now known as Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela.
3. Who did he work to defeat? The Spanish army
4. What was he fighting for in the first place? Liberation of Venezuela
5. Name 5 countries that are mentioned in the video, and what he did in each country. Venezuela- fought to liberate the country from Spain. Colombia- fought and liberated the country from Spain. Ecuador- claimed the territory for the Republic of Colombia. Peru- led the revolutionaries and won their independence from Spain.